- Bull markets are broad upward movements of the market that may last several years, interrupted by secondary reactions.
- Bear markets are long declines interrupted by secondary rallies. These movements are referred to as the primary trend.
- Secondary movements normally retrace from one third to two thirds of the primary trend since the previous secondary movement.
- Daily fluctuations are important for short-term trading, but are unimportant in analysis of broad market movements.
Dow Theory - Trends
Dow recognized that trends changed when the pattern of peaks and troughs reversed.
Bull Trends
A bull trend is identified by a series of rallies where each rally exceeds the highest point of the previous rally. The decline between rallies ends above the lowest point of the previous decline. A series of successive higher highs and higher lows.
The start of an up trend is signaled when price makes a higher low (bottom), followed by a rally above the previous high (peak):
Start = higher Low + break above previous High.
The end is signaled by a lower high (peak), followed by a decline below the previous low (bottom):
End = lower High + break below previous Low.
Bear Trends
Each successive rally fails to penetrate the high point of the previous rally. Each decline terminates at a lower point than the preceding decline. A series of successive lower highs and lower lows.
A bear trend starts at the end of a bull trend: when a rally ends with a lower peak and then retreats below the previous low. The end of a bear trend is identical to the start of a bull trend.
Some purists argue that a trend ends if the sequence of higher highs and higher lows is broken. Others argue that a bear trend has not started until there is a lower High and Low nor has a bull trend started until there is a higher Low and High.
For practical purposes, only accept large corrections as trend changes in the primary trend.
- A bull trend starts when price rallies above the previous high;
- A bull trend ends when price declines below the previous low;
- A bear trend starts at the end of a bull trend (and vice versa).
Trend Changes
A trend should always be treated as intact until there is a clear signal that the opposite trend has started.
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